Employee voice Essay

‘Employee voice’ suggested by Geoff Armstrong (cited in Armstrong,2001) in the recent issue of Industrial Participation Association (IPA) Bulletin, historically meant collective bargaining, and that this ‘chosen method of joint regulation became a straitjacket inhibiting the very things we needed to be doing to win and keep customers! ’ Win and keep the customers because feedbacks and suggestions came from the employee who deals with the customers every day of their work. Companies are able to get the facts from how the customer complaint about their product and to what satisfies them. The word ‘voice’ was popularized by Freeman and Medoff (cited in Freeman & Medoff, 1984) who argued that it made good sense for both company and workforce to have a ‘voice’ mechanism. This had both a consensual and conflictual image; on the one hand, participation could lead to a beneficial impact on quality and productivity, whilst on the other it could detect problems which otherwise might ‘explode’. Dundon et al (cited in Dundon, 2004;MC Cabe & Lewin, 1992; Wilkinson et al,2004). The four principal strands of the thought or forms of ‘voice’ that are available to employees are: an articulation of individual dissatisfaction; existence of a collective organization; a form of contribution to the management decision-making; and as a form of mutuality in the organization. In the articulation of individual dissatisfaction, the employee aims to address a specific problem or issue with the management that is usually presented in the form of grievance procedure or ‘speak up’ program. An opportunity for employee representatives – union or non-union – to communicate the views of the workforce to managers either through partnership or collective bargaining is the form of collective organization. As a form of contribution to the management decision-making its purpose is concerned with improvements in work organization and efficiency more generally, perhaps through quality circles or team working. It is achieve by a dialogue with employees providing ideas to improve the organizational performance. The last form is the mutuality in organization in delivering long term viability for the organization and its employees, often through joint consultation, collective bargaining and or partnership. In an article by Sharon Shinn (2004,p 18), The Maverick CEO, he asked Ricardo Semler that if business students were reading a case study of Semco what was the valuable lesson they would they take away and he answered that, â€Å"the main lesson is that freedom is a prime driver for performance. † Through my research I believe that all of the employees’ benefits from ‘employee voice’ just revolve around Semlers’ idea. When an employee has the freedom to express himself it empowers him to decide the courses of action that must be done to achieve a certain objective of the company according to his ideals in work and life in general. When one has the freedom to say what for him is wrong or right it gives him the dignity of not only a worker of the company but someone who can make a change and influence people on top for the better future of the company. A sample of the ideal is displayed in Semco where employees can vote to veto new products or new product ventures. At Semco, (cited in Samler, 2004) â€Å"workers approve their own bosses and people only attend meetings if they think the meetings are important. It works because of peoples’ self-interest. Nobody wants to stay in boring meetings or work for bosses they didn’t choose. † Furthermore, â€Å"of course, you can make people come to meetings and look alert, but it’s more difficult to get them to perform what was decided at the meeting. We want people to follow their instincts and to choose as bosses people they respect – even if they don’t like them. This often happens at Semco. † ‘Employee voice’ can be channeled between union and non-union voice. Comparison of benefits between union and non-union voice has been noted. (cited in Freeman and Medoff, 1984) argued that only union forms of voice would result in voice benefits for workers and management. The reasoning behind this argument is that without a union to ensure fair treatment and an equitable distribution of the fruits of success, individuals lack the incentive to pursue public goods. Union voice promotes ‘independence’ unlike direct voice mechanisms’ where its effectiveness is challenged in their capacity to transform the power relations in an organization due to lack of sanctions for non-compliance, collective power and access to independent sources of advice or assistance, non-union voice mechanisms are more susceptible to managerial influence and control (cited in Golan,2009; Terry,199; Wilkinson et al, 2004). On the contrary, non-union or direct voice has been also argued to be superior to union voice for 2 reasons: first, barriers between employers and employees can be disintegrated by dealing directly with employees rather than through an intermediary (cited in Bryson, 2004; Storey, 1992); and second, direct voice allows managers to better respond to the heterogeneous interests of workers (cited in Storey,1992). Another distinct benefit of ‘employee voice’ is evident in the ‘monopoly face’ of unionism, whereby unions seek to restrict the supply of labor to the irm in pursuit of higher wages and benefits. In a general point of view because of the ‘employee voice’ managers give more positive responses to employee needs, greater levels of control over the work process and increased influence over job rewards. In relation with the benefits that can be gained by employees’ through ‘employee voice’ the said firms that practices this kind of system have a lot to gain out of it. One important factor that affects the companies’ profitability is its labor cost. Voice is considered important, in their classic work on US trade Unionism, (cited in Freeman and Medoff, 1984) post it that it is theoretically possible for trade unions to enhance the productivity of firms because they provide voice to workers. They argue that union voice can be productivity-enhancing where voice costs are lower than the costs of dissatisfied workers quitting, and lower quit rates encourage firms to invest in human capital, resulting in a more skilled and productive workforce. In union voice it may also reduce the transaction costs that employees face, for example, by enforcing and monitoring contracts (cited in Booth, 1995; Kaufman, 2004; Kaufman and Levine, 2000). The company of Semco is a great example of this, (cited in Shinn, 2004) Semler and a radical management team completely upended traditional business theory at Semco, doing away with conventional organizational charts while allowing employees more and more freedom to choose what products they would work and how they would produce them. Many employees were eliminated by job reconstruction or left because they couldn’t handle the turmoil. But those who remained became passionate about Semco and their place within it. At Semco they also believe in continuous growth and development so (cited in Samler, 2004) â€Å"people at Semco, by setting their own timetables and workloads, are more apt to take time out for learning. † He said that there were also sabbaticals, and a system whereby people can diminish and increase their work weeks by arrangement with their teams. They also have Retire-a-little where people can take a day, or half-day, off every week, to do what they would when they retire. Because of such changes, (cited in Semler, 2004) noted that it have raised Semco’s revenue from a $35 million to $160 million in the last six years. In addition, (cited in Shinn, 2004) Semler is deeply involved in promoting a workplace where freedom and flexibility is celebrated that he established a school in Sao Paolo practicing his values. (cited in Samler ,2004) â€Å"the school is in place and has started enrolling two-to-ten year olds. We want to change things at the starting point. At this school, our kids determine the rules and makes decisions ever week at a school meeting. We don’t want to holler and point fingers at kids. They are perfectly able to settle disputes and regulations alone. We do sit in to facilitate, when they want. † Furthermore, â€Å"at the Lumlar Institute, which runs the school, we develop a mosaic technology to teach free children effectively, something that the educational world knows nothing about. Since our kids are obliged to be in school but not in class, it behooves us to interest them – and we do. Children are already staying 1. 84 times longer at our school, out of free will, than at other schools in the system. After defining that there were two system of ‘employee voice’ which are non-union (direct) and union, in addition reviewing the benefits of implementing ‘employee voice’ to both the employees and company, Australia seems to place more importance to non-union voice that than union voice. Result from the studies of researchers proves that, for example, AWIRS (the Australian Workplace Industrial Relations Survey) shows that only 16% of work places were there employee representatives on boards in 1995. (cited in Morehead et al, 1997; 506-67). Moreover non-union of employee representation was not institutionalized as they are in EU (European Union). With the Decline of Union membership, with 22% of employees now being unionized (and only 17 percent in the private sector), there is a growing ‘representation on gap’ for employees’ with some academic experts arguing that works councils could fill that gap. (Knudsen & Markey, 2002). However, there seems little political will to progress this issue at the moment, with major interest focused on the recent Work Choices Legislation, rather than a broader discussion of work place governance. Thus, it appears that for the most part, participation in Australia will remain a matter for the firm rather that a broader social issue and its extent will be largely governed by management strategy and enthusiasm for the various direct participative approaches. Pyman et al (2006) In practical sense, the effectiveness of employee voice in Australia workplaces is dependent on a plurality of arrangements, that is multiple, mutually reinforcing channels. While achieving this is likely to present challenge for employers, employees and unions, the findings to do highlight the significance of labor- management interaction and thus the value of a union-employer partnership approach predicated on mutual benefits. Such an approach is seriously threatened by the recent changes embodied in the Work Choices Act 2005. This legislation unequivocally privileges direct or non-union representative voice mechanisms, while undermining union voice and multi-channel voice arrangements.

Discrmination, Diversity, Equality and Inclusion in Health

Discrimination Diversity, Equality and Inclusion To understand what discrimination is, we first have to understand the meanings of diversity, equality and inclusion within our society and social health care. Diversity outlines difference and variety; we are all different we have characteristics that make us individual, these come from and include: race, religion, age, gender, beliefs, appearance, abilities, talents and sexual orientation. These characteristics give us our uniqueness in society, not only as individuals but also within groups and different cultures.Equality means treating people fairly, where everyone can participate and has an equal opportunity to fulfil their potential. To be able to understand what diversity and equality both mean, we have to first acknowledge our own prejudices, values and beliefs, and then we can positively accept difference in our society, and in the role of Social Care Workers. By accepting diversity and equality we support, value and respect se rvice users, thus providing a quality standard of care.Inclusion means including all individuals and groups, treating people fairly and with respect, giving choices, not tolerating discrimination, breaking down barriers and providing a supportive and nurturing quality standard care service. Discrimination can be indirect or direct; it means treating an individual or a group of people less fairly than others, giving a lower standard of service because of how we view them. We can discriminate without realising we are doing it. Indirect discrimination can occur when a condition or practice or requirement is provided through a service, e. . information leaflets only printed in English and not providing the information in other formats. We are indirectly discriminating against some of our service users who may have different levels of communication and need information in other forms, e. g. braille, large fonts, different languages or on audio. Direct discrimination can occur in differen t forms. Sometimes people do not realise that what they are saying or doing can be discriminative to others, e. g. stereotyping and generalisations.What is your initial thought when you see a person dressed in a hoodie, homeless person, a coloured person or an old person? If it is a negative thought or fear, the values and beliefs you hold could turn these into prejudices. You possibly formed an opinion based on an assumption rather than on fact. Values are taught to us usually in childhood and we carry these with us throughout our life. Values, beliefs and any prejudices can be changed, usually through knowledge and life’s experiences. By seeing things from a different perspective and keeping a positive attitude, we can all be open to change.There are other ways discrimination can happen in social care. Through communication: the words and expressions we use, derogatory language, belittling people, patronising, humiliating and disrespecting people. These are all discriminati ve. Telling jokes about particular groups of people, based on their race, age, religion, culture, gender, sexual orientation, ability or disability, is discrimination. We must think about not only what we say or do but also what our colleagues say and do. Stereotyping, generalisations and labelling do not define the people we care for.Calling someone little as in ‘ Little Mary’ because the lady is small in height, this does not define her as a human being. She happens to be small, but is ‘Mary’ first. When people who want to take part in society, employment, education, an exercise or activity, or a service, and are excluded or treated less fairly based on their age, race, ability or disability, gender, sexuality or other prejudice, this is discrimination. The effect of discrimination can lead to isolation, impacting on mental and physical health, stress, lack of confidence and low self esteem.The use of Inclusion and anti- discriminatory practice in social care can help us recognise, support, challenge and change any discrimination. We have to keep an open mind and not allow our own values or beliefs to interfere with how we support clients. Because it is not right for us, does not mean it is not right for someone else. Give people choices, ask them or their family. Read through their care plan which is about their life, likes, dislikes, interests and beliefs. This will help break down any barriers.Sometimes in social care we need to act on behalf of our clients, to help them understand, choose and exercise their right. This could be because of a number of factors. There might be emotional, physical or communication barriers that effectively stop people from accessing help, advice or from making decisions about their life. By doing this we are promoting independence and not dependence. Because we live and work in a diverse society, there are laws, regulations and guidance to help you understand discrimination and how to deal with it.Y our workplace will have policies about this that will include: * Equality Act 2010 (this act supersedes all previous acts and covers all aspects of discrimination) * HCPC (Health & Care Professions Council) formally GCSS code of practice You can ask your manager for further advice about: * Duty of care * Safeguarding * Effective communication * Standard of care Other organisations which can provide further help are: * Citizens Advice Bureau * Law Centre Be respectful, polite and courteous, value yourself and others this will help you deliver quality care.

LP7- Prin Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

LP7- Prin Management - Assignment Example Erik leadership may be described as an autocratic style; her major concern was making profits and cutting down costs. Her strength is based on the application of power to obtain the desired outcomes. On the other hand, her major weakness is that he failed to value employees as important assets in the company. The sources of his influence/power were obtained by going via the education system (Researchomatic, Para.3). I would like Eric Quinn adopt participative/democratic leadership style. This is because it provides employees with an opportunity to air their grievances. In addition, it makes them feel motivated to achieve organization /goals. This will be possible because, I will establish employees training and with an environment that enhances corporation within the organization. To influence Eric Rasmussen decision of accepting my recommendation, I would communicate to him the benefits of unity and give him relevant examples and statistics of companies that had become successful as a result of adopting democratic/participative leadership style (Fasae, paras.2-7). Some of the elements that could be introduced to encourage employee’s performance and improve their motivation include; providing them with additional training and skills. Additionally, employees should be allowed to participate in decision making. This will help them to fill accountable in implementing decisions that they had made and further increase their productivity (Fasae,

Is Free Trade is good for the economy (of both trading nations) Essay

Is Free Trade is good for the economy (of both trading nations) - Essay Example If it is cotton, then Country A can concentrate of producing it and allow Country B to produce corn. This is not to say that the countries will not produce the other commodity, corn for Country A and cotton for Country B, but this applies to trading. The two countries can thus effectively trade with each other and reap maximum benefits. The beauty of comparative advantage is that everyone has a comparative advantage at producing something. Comparative advantage is useful in explaining why a country, on comparison with its trading partners, might produce and export something its citizens don’t seem very skilled at producing.2 Comparative advantage explains this scenario by advancing that citizens of the country importing must be better at producing another commodity thus enabling them to pay the exporting country for the work they have done.3 Modern international trade involves goods and services that could be produced anywhere in the world, and so buyers have the option of buying products that are either domestically produced or imported.4 In Adam Smith’s theory of absolute advantage, however, nations will export goods they are capable of producing at lower costs than the country which is importing them. It has been of concern that an economy with comparative advantage in making various commodities is likely to cause unemployment in other countries. China has grown tremendously in the recent past to become a force to reckon with in the manufacturing sector. The Chinese manufacturers have the benefit of affordable labor so most of the products they manufacture are cheaper than those manufactured in other parts of the world.5 Countries such as America have found themselves worried about doing business with China due to their competitive prices. However, there is no need for worry since every economy can identify a sector where they are best at. In so doing, an economy

Health Systems and Healthcare Systems Coursework - 2

Health Systems and Healthcare Systems - Coursework Example The major role of management is decision-making and deliberation on affairs of the institution. Management hires employees, develops team spirit, and creates congenial working environment. Financial management entails investment decisions, marketing, and purchasing assets and requirements by organization (Singla, 2008, p.38-40). The management of an institution involves four major doctrines that help in understanding specific concerns arising from the management of healthcare. First is the traditional bureaucracy that stresses on proper structure, chains of hierarchy of command, and performance accountability. The other doctrine is the new public management, which lay emphasis on changing organization into competitive firms to enhance service delivery. Professionalism in an organizational management assumes that persons work best and limited supervision when they have trust from the organization. Finally, the management model provides ‘Japanese’ organization model, which advocates for solidarity through pride and a sense of identity in the organization as a major motivating factor among employees (Hunter, 2007, p.56). Apart from the four defining doctrines, healthcare management has other features concerning the daily operations in service delivery. Health care management involves series of consultations in the different stages of hierarchy with different implications. The implications could imply as seeking views in decision-making process and formulation of plan of action. Consultations can be through stakeholders or representative organizations. Management also has values affecting decision- making on approach to healthcare. Such include equity, efficiency, choice, gender balance, transparency, and accountability, solidarity and staff involvement in decision-making. Healthcare management involves assessment of appropriate

Take home competent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Take home competent - Essay Example This helps people to live harmoniously and help each other towards achieving their dreams in life. Students studying in schools and collages from various parts will able to work together through even with difference in their culture in mind. Culture is pulled apart by several factors. These are what makes people of one place differ from those of another area based on what they practice. Language is the main cause of cultural differences. In this society, there are different ethnic speaking groups which all of them have their own unique language (Diller 2011). Some sub tribes believe they are dominant over the others, pulling them apart from the others. They cannot all speak the same language; therefore understanding each other becomes problematic in some places. Young children studying in different place from where they were born are faced with serious challenge when it gets to language issues. They are forced to undertake unites to get to know how to speak and write. This put them in back pedal gear and disadvantaged from those who understand. People who look for jobs in such places also find it hard to coup with it as they have to come to bar with the environment by first understanding the language (Diller 2011). This has been found to create gap among the citizens as they cannot work freely and harmoniously. Religion is another factor why culture is diverse in the society. Basically, there are about four major different religions. Christians, Muslims, Hindus and buddies which they all have they own believes and ways of doing things. Their values and practices are distinct such that even though all of them pray the same God; how they do it does not show that. Each one of them is guided by certain set rules which make them unique from the others. This pulls people apart since each group wants to do what is accepted in their religion and get

Economy of Greece Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

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The Sole Purpose of The One Percent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Sole Purpose of The One Percent - Essay Example Once this occurs, it will be very difficult for equality to ever exist in the United States again, since the rich will never give these democratic rights back to the poor once they have taken them. The one percent is based on the idea that one percent of the American population controls the majority of the country's wealth. This leaves the other 99 percent of people to fight over whatever money is left over. Capitalism is based on the idea of a free market, where individuals can make as much money as they want under the system. Those who are successful within the system become rich, while those who are unable to succeed are forced under the rich. The idea is also that a trickledown effect will occur, since the rich will pay the rest of society for services that are needed. This is quickly disappearing from society, however, since the rich are becoming greedier than ever before. They want to make much more money than they will ever need, which causes problems for the poor because this money comes out of their pockets. In previous generations, the middle class made up the majority of American society, since corporations were forced to pay their workers a fair wage. Today, however, much of this work can be outsourced to other countries at lower wages, which has left many Americans without jobs. Under a democratic system, the people should hold the majority of the power. Unfortunately, the current system has been influenced the presence of these major corporations. These corporate interests are able to make donations to political campaigns and the politicians respond by passing legislation that makes it easier for these corporations to capitalize on the average citizen. The country’s political system is based on money and if the average person does not have any money, it is almost impossible for that individual to make a difference. The goal of these corporations is to make it even easier on themselves to make money and, eventually, the 99 percent will no lo nger have a voice. If you look at what a company like Wal-Mart has done over the years, it makes sense. Wal-Mart pays its employees minimum wage and, therefore, it is able to offer products for a lower price than competitors. The company will then go into an area and put all of its competitors out of business very quickly, since consumers are attracted to low prices. This takes money away from the small business owners who owned the competitor stores and takes money away from the community as a whole because all of the profits from Wal-Mart head to the corporate offices. Unless something is done in the near future, it will be almost impossible for the United States to regain its place as a democratic union and the land of opportunity. Today’s opportunities are mostly working for the one percent for whatever wage the employer decides to pay. If you do not want that job, someone else will surely take it, since jobs are becoming more scarce. Unfortunately, the power than these c orporations have over the political spectrum are making it much more difficult. If Wal-Mart is donating large amounts of money to the Republican Party, that party will do whatever it can to keep that stream of revenue, since it can help the party get into power. Therefore, the corporation that donates this money has a major influence over the party’

Plato and the Allegory of the Cave Essay Example for Free

Plato and the Allegory of the Cave Essay The son of a wealthy and noble family, Plato (427-347 B.C.) was preparing for a career in politics when the trial and eventual execution of Socrates (399 B.C.) changed the course of his life. He abandoned his political career and turned to philosophy, opening a school on the outskirts of Athens dedicated to the Socratic search for wisdom. Platos school, then known as the Academy, was the first university in western history and operated from 387 B.C. until A. D. 529, when it was closed by Justinian. Unlike his mentor Socrates, Plato was both a writer and a teacher. His writings are in the form of dialogues, with Socrates as the principal speaker. In the Allegory of the Cave, Plato described symbolically the predicament in which mankind finds itself and proposes a way of salvation. The Allegory presents, in brief form, most of Platos major philosophical assumptions: his belief that the world revealed by our senses is not the real world but only a poor copy of it, and that the real world can only be apprehended intellectually; his idea that knowledge cannot be transferred from teacher to student, but rather that education consists in directing students minds toward what is real and important and allowing them to apprehend it for themselves; his faith that the universe ultimately is good; his conviction that enlightened individuals have an obligation to the rest of society, and that a good society must be one in which the truly wise (the Philosopher-King) are the rulers. The Allegory of the Cave can be found in Book VII of Platos best-known work, The Republic, a lengthy dialogue on the nature of justice. Often regarded as a utopian blueprint, The Republic is dedicated toward a discussion of the education required of a Philosopher-King. The following selection is taken from the Benjamin Jowett translation (Vintage, 1991), pp. 253-261. As you read the Allegory, try to make a mental picture of the cave Plato describes. Better yet, why not draw a picture of it and refer to it as you read the selection. In many ways, understanding Platos Allegory of the Cave will make your foray into the world of philosophical thought much less burdensome. * * * * * * [Socrates] And now, I said, let me show in a figure how far our nature is enlightened or unenlightened: Behold! human beings living in a underground cave, which has a mouth open towards the light and reaching all along the cave; here they have been from their childhood, and have their legs and necks chained so that they cannot move, and can only see before them, being prevented by the chains from turning round their heads. Above and behind them a fire is blazing at a distance, and between the fire and the prisoners there is a raised way; and you will see, if you look, a low wall built along the way, like the screen which marionette players have in front of them, over which they show the puppets. [Glaucon] I see. [Socrates] And do you see, I said, men passing along the wall carrying all sorts of vessels, and statues and figures of animals made of wood and stone and various materials, which appear over the wall? Some of them are talking, others silent. [Glaucon] You have shown me a strange image, and they are strange prisoners. [Socrates] Like ourselves, I replied; and they see only their own shadows, or the shadows of one another, which the fire throws on the opposite wall of the cave? [Glaucon] True, he said; how could they see anything but the shadows if they were never allowed to move their heads? [Socrates] And of the objects which are being carried in like manner they would only see the shadows? [Glaucon] Yes, he said. [Socrates] And if they were able to converse with one another, would they not suppose that they were naming what was actually before them? [Glaucon] Very true. [Socrates] And suppose further that the prison had an echo which came from the other side, would they not be sure to fancy when one of the passers-by spoke that the voice which they heard came from the passing shadow? [Glaucon] No question, he replied. [Socrates] To them, I said, the truth would be literally nothing but the shadows of the images. [Glaucon] That is certain. [Socrates] And now look again, and see what will naturally follow if the prisoners are released and disabused of their error. At first, when any of them is liberated and compelled suddenly to stand up and turn his neck round and walk and look towards the light, he will suffer sharp pains; the glare will distress him, and he will be unable to see the realities of which in his former state he had seen the shadows; and then conceive some one saying to him, that what he saw before was an illusion, but that now, when he is approaching nearer to being and his eye is turned towards more real existence, he has a clearer vision, -what will be his reply? And you may further imagine that his instructor is pointing to the objects as they pass and requiring him to name them, -will he not be perplexed? Will he not fancy that the shadows which he formerly saw are truer than the objects which are now shown to him? [Glaucon] Far truer. [Socrates] And if he is compelled to look straight at the light, will he not have a pain in his eyes which will make him turn away to take and take in the objects of vision which he can see, and which he will conceive to be in reality clearer than the things which are now being shown to him? [Glaucon] True, he now. [Socrates] And suppose once more, that he is reluctantly dragged up a steep and rugged ascent, and held fast until he s forced into the presence of the sun himself, is he not likely to be pained and irritated? When he approaches the light his eyes will be dazzled, and he will not be able to see anything at all of what are now called realities. [Glaucon] Not all in a moment, he said. [Socrates] He will require to grow accustomed to the sight of the upper world. And first he will see the shadows best, next the reflections of men and other objects in the water, and then the objects themselves; then he will gaze upon the light of the moon and the stars and the spangled heaven; and he will see the sky and the stars by night better than the sun or the light of the sun by day? [Glaucon] Certainly. [Socrates] Last of he will be able to see the sun, and not mere reflections of him in the water, but he will see him in his own proper place, and not in another; and he will contemplate him as he is. [Glaucon] Certainly. [Socrates] He will then proceed to argue that this is he who gives the season and the years, and is the guardian of all that is in the visible world, and in a certain way the cause of all things which he and his fellows have been accustomed to behold? [Glaucon] Clearly, he said, he would first see the sun and then reason about him. [Socrates] And when he remembered his old habitation, and the wisdom of the cave and his fellow-prisoners, do you not suppose that he would felicitate himself on the change, and pity them? [Glaucon] Certainly, he would. [Socrates] And if they were in the habit of conferring honors among themselves on those who were quickest to observe the passing shadows and to remark which of them went before, and which followed after, and which were together; and who were therefore best able to draw conclusions as to the future, do you think that he would care for such honors and glories, or envy the possessors of them? Would he not say with Homer, Better to be the poor servant of a poor master, and to endure anything, rather than think as they do and live after their manner? [Glaucon] Yes, he said, I think that he would rather suffer anything than entertain these false notions and live in this miserable manner. [Socrates] Imagine once more, I said, such an one coming suddenly out of the sun to be replaced in his old situation; would he not be certain to have his eyes full of darkness? [Glaucon] To be sure, he said. [Socrates] And if there were a contest, and he had to compete in measuring the shadows with the prisoners who had never moved out of the cave, while his sight was still weak, and before his eyes had become steady (and the time which would be needed to acquire this new habit of sight might be very considerable) would he not be ridiculous? Men would say of him that up he went and down he came without his eyes; and that it was better not even to think of ascending; and if any one tried to loose another and lead him up to the light, let them only catch the offender, and they would put him to death. [Glaucon] No question, he said. [Socrates] This entire allegory, I said, you may now append, dear Glaucon, to the previous argument; the prison-house is the world of sight, the light of the fire is the sun, and you will not misapprehend me if you interpret the journey upwards to be the ascent of the soul into the intellectual world according to my poor belief, which, at your desire, I have expressed whether rightly or wrongly God knows. But, whether true or false, my opinion is that in the world of knowledge the idea of good appears last of all, and is seen only with an effort; and, when seen, is also inferred to be the universal author of all things beautiful and right, parent of light and of the lord of light in this visible world, and the immediate source of reason and truth in the intellectual; and that this is the power upon which he who would act rationally, either in public or private life must have his eye fixed. [Glaucon] I agree, he said, as far as I am able to understand you. [Socrates] Moreover, I said, you must not wonder that those who attain to this beatific vision are unwilling to descend to human affairs; for their souls are ever hastening into the upper world where they desire to dwell; which desire of theirs is very natural, if our allegory may be trusted. [Glaucon] Yes, very natural. [Socrates] And is there anything surprising in one who passes from divine contemplations to the evil state of man, misbehaving himself in a ridiculous manner; if, while his eyes are blinking and before he has become accustomed to the surrounding darkness, he is compelled to fight in courts of law, or in other places, about the images or the shadows of images of justice, and is endeavoring to meet the conceptions of those who have never yet seen absolute justice? [Glaucon] Anything but surprising, he replied. [Socrates] Any one who has common sense will remember that the bewilderments of the eyes are of two kinds, and arise from two causes, either from coming out of the light or from going into the light, which is true of the minds eye, quite as much as of the bodily eye; and he who remembers this when he sees any one whose vision is perplexed and weak, will not be too ready to laugh; he will first ask whether that soul of man has come out of the brighter light, and is unable to see because unaccustomed to the dark, or having turned from darkness to the day is dazzled by excess of light. And he will count the one happy in his condition and state of being, and he will pity the other; or, if he have a mind to laugh at the soul which comes from below into the light, there will be more reason in this than in the laugh which greets him who returns from above out of the light into the cave. [Glaucon] That, he said, is a very just distinction. [Socrates] But then, if I am right, certain professors of education must be wrong when they say that they can put a knowledge into the soul which was not there before, like sight into blind eyes. [Glaucon] They undoubtedly say this, he replied. [Socrates] Whereas, our argument shows that the power and capacity of learning exists in the soul already; and that just as the eye was unable to turn from darkness to light without the whole body, so too the instrument of knowledge can only by the movement of the whole soul be turned from the world of becoming into that of being, and learn by degrees to endure the sight of being, and of the brightest and best of being, or in other words, of the good. [Glaucon] Very true. [Socrates] And must there not be some art which will effect conversion in the easiest and quickest manner; not implanting the faculty of sight, for that exists already, but has been turned in the wrong direction, and is looking away from the truth? [Glaucon] Yes, he said, such an art may be presumed. [Socrates] And whereas the other so-called virtues of the soul seem to be akin to bodily qualities, for even when they are not originally innate they can be implanted later by habit and exercise, the of wisdom more than anything else contains a divine element which always remains, and by this conversion is rendered useful and profitable; or, on the other hand, hurtful and useless. Did you never observe the narrow intelligence flashing from the keen eye of a clever rogue how eager he is, how clearly his paltry soul sees the way to his end; he is the reverse of blind, but his keen eyesight is forced into the service of evil, and he is mischievous in proportion to his cleverness. [Glaucon] Very true, he said. [Socrates] But what if there had been a circumcision of such natures in the days of their youth; and they had been severed from those sensual pleasures, such as eating and drinking, which, like leaden weights, were attached to them at their birth, and which drag them down and turn the vision of their souls upon the things that are below if, I say, they had been released from these impediments and turned in the opposite direction, the very same faculty in them would have seen the truth as keenly as they see what their eyes are turned to now. [Glaucon] Very likely. [Socrates] Yes, I said; and there is another thing which is likely. or rather a necessary inference from what has preceded, that neither the uneducated and uninformed of the truth, nor yet those who never make an end of their education, will be able ministers of State; not the former, because they have no single aim of duty which is the rule of all their actions, private as well as public; nor the latter, because they will not act at all except upon compulsion, fancying that they are already dwelling apart in the islands of the blest. [Glaucon] Very true, he replied. [Socrates] Then, I said, the business of us who are the founders of the State will be to compel the best minds to attain that knowledge which we have already shown to be the greatest of all-they must continue to ascend until they arrive at the good; but when they have ascended and seen enough we must not allow them to do as they do now. [Glaucon] What do you mean? [Socrates] I mean that they remain in the upper world: but this must not be allowed; they must be made to descend again among the prisoners in the cave, and partake of their labors and honors, whether they are worth having or not. [Glaucon] But is not this unjust? he said; ought we to give them a worse life, when they might have a better? [Socrates] You have again forgotten, my friend, I said, the intention of the legislator, who did not aim at making any one class in the State happy above the rest; the happiness was to be in the whole State, and he held the citizens together by persuasion and necessity, making them benefactors of the State, and therefore benefactors of one another; to this end he created them, not to please themselves, but to be his instruments in binding up the State. [Glaucon] True, he said, I had forgotten. [Socrates] Observe, Glaucon, that there will be no injustice in compelling our philosophers to have a care and providence of others; we shall explain to them that in other States, men of their class are not obliged to share in the toils of politics: and this is reasonable, for they grow up at their own sweet will, and the government would rather not have them. Being self-taught, they cannot be expected to show any gratitude for a culture which they have never received. But we have brought you into the world to be rulers of the hive, kings of yourselves and of the other citizens, and have educated you far better and more perfectly than they have been educated, and you are better able to share in the double duty. Wherefore each of you, when his turn comes, must go down to the general underground abode, and get the habit of seeing in the dark. When you have acquired the habit, you will see ten thousand times better than the inhabitants of the cave, and you will know what the several images are, and what they represent, because you have seen the beautiful and just and good in their truth. And thus our State which is also yours will be a reality, and not a dream only, and will be administered in a spirit unlike that of other States, in which men fight with one another about shadows only and are distracted in the struggle for power, which in their eyes is a great good. Whereas the truth is that the State in which the rulers are most reluctant to govern is always the best and most quietly governed, and the State in which they are most eager, the worst. [Glaucon] Quite true, he replied. [Socrates] And will our pupils, when they hear this, refuse to take their turn at the toils of State, when they are allowed to spend the greater part of their time with one another in the heavenly light? [Glaucon] Impossible, he answered; for they are just men, and the commands which we impose upon them are just; there can be no doubt that every one of them will take office as a stern necessity, and not after the fashion of our present rulers of State. [Socrates] Yes, my friend, I said; and there lies the point. You must contrive for your future rulers another and a better life than that of a ruler, and then you may have a well-ordered State; for only in the State which offers this, will they rule who are truly rich, not in silver and gold, but in virtue and wisdom, which are the true blessings of life. Whereas if they go to the administration of public affairs, poor and hungering after the own private advantage, thinking that hence they are to snatch the chief good, order there can never be; for they will be fighting about office, and the civil and domestic broils which thus arise will be the ruin of the rulers themselves and of the whole State. [Glaucon] Most true, he replied. [Socrates] And the only life which looks down upon the life of political ambition is that of true philosophy. Do you know of any other? [Glaucon] Indeed, I do not, he said. [Socrates] And those who govern ought not to be lovers of the task? For, if they are, there will be rival lovers, and they will fight. [Glaucon] No question. [Socrates] Who then are those whom we shall compel to be guardians? Surely they will be the men who are wisest about affairs of State, and by whom the State is best administered, and who at the same time have other honors and another and a better life than that of politics? [Glaucon] They are the men, and I will choose them, he replied. [Socrates] And now shall we consider in what way such guardians will be produced, and how they are to be brought from darkness to light, as some are said to have ascended from the world below to the gods? [Glaucon] By all means, he replied. [Socrates] The process, I said, is not the turning over of an oyster-shell, but the turning round of a soul passing from a day which is little better than night to the true day of being, that is, the ascent from below, which we affirm to be true philosophy? [Glaucon] Quite so.

The dramatic significance Essay Example for Free

The dramatic significance Essay A view from the Bridge was written and set in the mid 1950s. Arthur Miller (the author) in his biography Time Bends explains the idea of the play came from a story he had heard about a longshoreman, but until he visited Sicily a few years later, and saw for himself the poverty of the people he did not use this idea. The play was set in Red Hook, Alfieri in his opening speech described Red Hook a slum and he mentions Al Capone, the greatest Carthaginian of all and tells us (the audience) that Frankie Yale was cut precisely in half by a machine gun on the corner of Union street This is also showing us the type of violence and culture in this place. Work here has very little pay and the people, often newly arrived immigrants looking for better opportunities, are exploited by the bosses. Arthur Miller was very concerned to let his audiences know about the tough lives of these people. Alfieri, in his first speech aimed directly at the audience mentions And now we are quite civilized, quite American. Now we settle for half, and I like it better. I no longer keep a pistol in my filing cabinet. He says this because in the twenties before this Red Hook was The slum that faces the bay on the seaward side of Brooklyn Bridge. It was The gullet of New York swallowing the tonnage of the world because people used to take matters into their own hands and forgot the law but now they dont now we are quite civilized. The word Gullet sounds ugly and emphasises the nature of this area. The scene we are studying is significant because we are able to see the antagonism of Eddie towards Rodolfo intensify, and become dramatised in the form of a boxing Lesson. The scene also shows how close Catherine and Rodolfo become after Eddie trying to separate them. We also see the way Beatrice is mostly in the middle of the characters. She is very aware how tense Eddie is becoming due to the growing relationship between Catherine and Rodolfo. However she is very pleased with them both. We also see Marco agreeing with Eddies authority but warning him not to bully his brother by having a show of physical strength, this show of strength prefigures what happens at the end of the play. Before Alfieris speech to the audience Eddie came and spoke to Alfieri about Catherine and Rodolfo. His first excuse he is trying to convince Alfieri that Rodolfo only wants his papers and his second excuse is that he is a homosexual. Eddies real reason is that his love for Catherine is out of control. Eddie is trying to do this because he thinks Catherine deserves better that Rodolfo and also says for an excuse that Rodolfo is only after Catherine for his papers to be an American citizen. Alfieri tells Eddie that the only way to get Rodolfo into trouble with the law is to tell the authorities about the illegal immigrants.

The Product Brand Line Of Maggi Marketing Essay

The Product Brand Line Of Maggi Marketing Essay Part 1 Introduction In 1863, Maggi was founded by Julius Michael Johannes Maggi in Switzerland. Julius Maggi developed a flavours recipe to bring added taste to meals. This signified the establishment of the Maggi brand and its product line that is convenient products. In 1882, due to his well-known for nutrition-oriented approach, a physician called Dr. Fridolin Schuler and the Swiss Government met up with Julius Maggi and told him about the problem of the labouring classes who were suffering from malnutrition. After that, he was asked to seek for a solution in order to improve the nutritional values of meals. Therefore, he created the protein based vegetable food products, which were two instant pea soups and an instant bean soup. These two products were quick to be prepared, easy to be digested and sold in a low price. The products were successfully overcame the problem of woman who were lack of time in preparing meals as more and more woman were working outside. By the turn of the century, the Maggi company also produced other types of products such as bouillon cubes, sauces and flavorings. In 1947, Alimentana S.A., the manufacturer of Maggi seasonings and soups merged with Nestlà © to form Nestlà ©-Alimentana S.A. Today, MAGGI ® has been offering high quality, convenient, innovative, and nutritious products. MAGGI ® products help us to prepare nutritious and delicious meals. Its bouillons, soups, seasonings and sauces are useful while cooking and add flavour into our food. The product brand line of MAGGI ® Culinary products is the product brand line of  MAGGI ®. Now, in the year of 2013, the products produced by MAGGI ® basically can be categorized into four different groups which are noodles, MAGGI ® flavour world, sauces and light meals. Among all these products, different kinds of flavours were provided so that the consumers have a variety of choices and select what they want based on personal needs and favourites. The table below showed all the products produced by MAGGI ®: Category Products Noodles 1. MAGGI Hot Bowl Instant Noodle 2. MAGGI Hot Cup Instant Noodle 3. MAGGI 2-Minutes Noodles 4. MAGGI Mi-Goreng MAGGI ® flavour world 1. MAGGI Stock Cubes 2. MAGGI CUKUP RASA 3. MAGGI Liquid Stocks 4. MAGGI HARI-HARI FAVOURITES Sauces 1. MAGGI Oyster Sauce 2. MAGGI Seasoning 3. MAGGI Red Sauce Light meals 1. MAGGI Soup 2. MAGGI Porridge The MAGGI 2-Minutes Noodles Curry MAGGI 2-Minutes Noodles was first introduced in India by Nestle India Limited in 1982 and act as a market leader in selling instant noodles. Therefore, it becomes a well-known instant noodles brand among all the consumers and many people call noodles as Maggi. MAGGI 2-Minutes Noodles Curry is one of flavour in the series of MAGGI 2-Minutes Noodles. It is sold in a pack of five. The servings size of each small pack is 79grams for one serving. The noodle contains 48.6 grams of carbohydrate per serving that provides the energy that we need. It is a convenient product that can be easily found in any marketplace. The package of this product was changed from time to time. The latest packaging carries the new Protein dari Gandum seal as each pack MAGGI 2-Minute Noodles serves as source of protein from wheat. MAGGI 2-Minutes Noodles Curry Inferior Product Inferior products are the products for which there is a direct relationship between changes in income and its demand curve. Based on our understanding, we categorized MAGGI 2-Minutes Noodles Curry is as a inferior product because the purchasing rate of the consumer is basically based on the income of the consumers. When the income of consumers rises, the demand will be reduced and the amount of buying this product will become less as they will choose to buy a more value based product that deliver higher quality. Conversely, the demand of consumers will increase when there is a fall in their income. Complement and substitute goods for MAGGI 2-Minutes Noodles Curry Complementary goods are the goods that jointly consumed with MAGGI 2-Minutes Noodles Curry. The complement goods are as follow: eggs sausages fish balls crab meats prawns carrots tomatoes vegetables bell peppers caraways Whereas, substitute goods are the goods that competes with MAGGI 2-Minutes Noodles Curry for consumer purchases. The substitute goods are as follow: Sajimee mee curry flavoured instant noodles Ibumie Mi curry flavoured instant noodles Adabi curry flavored instant noodles Mamee curry flavoured instant noodles Cintan curry flavoured instant noodles Tesco choice curry flavoured instant noodles Market structure of MAGGI 2-Minutes Noodles Curry Monopolistic Competition Part 2 Comparison of the price of MAGGI 2-Minutes Noodles Curry with _________________ Based on the research found in Tesco, Kampar, Perak, MAGGI 2-Minutes Noodles Curry are sold at the price of RM4.39. Part 3 Advantages and disadvantages for MAGGI ® company of being monopolistic competition firm Advantages Easy Entry and Exit Monopolistic competition is an easy entry and exit market because this market face low barriers to entry Unlike a monopoly market, MAGGI ® easily entered into a monopolistic competition market and start the business because the products produced are not sole control of any other company. Therefore, MAGGI ® can attract the consumes to buy its products as long as they can satisfy the consumers needs. Besides that, while entering into this market, MAGGI ® does not face much problem on government franchises and licenses as well as the patents and copyright as the company will not be restricted to enter into this market. Price takes MAGGI ® has the authority to set the price for its products in order to maximize its revenue. For example, MAGGI ® can increase the selling price when they increase the quality of products to the consumers. The company also can increase the selling price when the input price becomes higher so that they will still earn a constant revenue but not facing a loss. Unlike in the perfect competition market, the consumers might still choose to buy its products even though the price has been increased as long as the products can satisfy the consumers. Differentiated products will attract buyers to stay loyal The differentiated products of MAGGI ® will attract more buyers and maintain the current consumers to stay loyal since the products have the unique features compare to others. Normally, the consumers will not easily switch to another brand when they are attracted by its special characteristic of the products. This will result in a constant revenue since the consumers might consume the products continuously for a long period of time if they do not find any substitute that is better than the current consuming products. Disadvantages Many competitors Since monopolistic competition market is easy to entry and exit, many companies might enter into this market and thus MAGGI ® has to face many competitors. For example, the competitors for MAGGI ® are Sajimee, Ibumie, Adabi, Mamee, Cintan and Tesco. The consumers might easily switch to buy the same type of products from another brands if they think it is worth to buy it from other brands rather than from MAGGI ®. Therefore, MAGGI ® has to consistently observe the strategies of its competitors so that MAGGI ® can make suitable action to face the competitor and make its customers to stay loyal. Higher cost and expenses Since MAGGI ® face a huge numbers of competitors, it is compulsory for a monopolistic competitor to take suitable strategies to attract more buyers. One of the ways is via advertising its products. We can see that MAGGI ® advertise its products through television and do many different types of promotion such as buy one get one free, give food testing to the customers, give discounts and organise a contest for the consumers and give out something else as prizes. All these advertisement and promotion required a lot of cost and expenses. Need to produce differentiated products In order to compete with other close substitutes, MAGGI ® has to come up with differentiated products, which is the products that have real or apparent differences with other substitutes. MAGGI ® must be creative and innovative enough to make their product more distinctive and differentiate their products from other competitors in order to attract more buyers and also maintain its current consumers. MAGGI ® also has to do certain research and improve its products from time to time to make its products more unique no matter is on the quality, price or packaging. Earn zero-economic profit in long-run Unlike a monopolist, MAGGI ® will not earn an economic profit but earn a zero-economic in long-run. In long-run, more and more firms will enter into this market structure and the some of the current market share of MAGGI ® might be taken away by those new firms. This shows the decrease in the consumers demand. Therefore MAGGI ® will do more advertising to recapture the market share. This will results in the increase of the long-run average cost. The decrease of demand and increase of long-run average cost will continues in long-run until MAGGI ® earns a zero economic-profit. Advantages and disadvantages for a customer of buying a product under monopolistic competition market Advantages More innovative product In the monopolistic competition market, there are many competitors and buyers. In order to attract a large scale of customers, the company needs to produce more innovative product continuously so that they can compete with other competitors and survive in the market place. MAGGI ® as monopolistic competition firm will choose to produce more different flavour of instant noodle instead of just produce one type of noodle because it needs to fight against massive of competitor forces. Therefore a customer can enjoy having different types of MAGGI ® products and have more choices. Comparable prices There are many sellers in the monopolistic competition market. The buyers can compare the prices of the same type of product among different producers so that they could choose to buy the products that offered in an affordable price. For example, consumers can choose either to buy MAGGI ® instant noodles or other brands of instant noodles like Mamee and Mi Sedaap. Convenience for buyers to know the details of the product Sellers in the monopolistic competition tend to create more advertisements to deliver the information about their products to the public and also develop a stronger position in consumers mind. Usually the detailed information about the MAGGI ® products such as the new flavour, price, and places that are available to buy the products. The information given will provide convenience for consumers in the process of choosing and buying the product. Disadvantages The price of products might not matched with the quality of products The sellers in monopolistic competition market are free to set the price of products. The seller might set a higher price to earn more revenue but they do not produce the products with higher quality. Therefore the consumers are forced to buy the products expensively. For example, if MAGGI ® might produce the same instant noodles but they raise the price to a higher level. Consequently, the consumers have to buy it at an expensive price but they still enjoy the same quality of instant noodles. Negative impact of advertising In monopolistic competition, the sellers spend a lot of money in advertising their products. It is a benefit for the consumers to know more about the product but it also has negative impact on customer supremacy. Customers are going to be manipulated by the advertisement and about what they want. For example, customers become attracted over the perception of differentiation, they believe information in the advertisement and buy the product without compare the price or quality.

“As We May Think” Essay -- Article Analysis

It is obvious that Bush viewed and approached the dissemination of information as just as much a science as physics or engineering, and that he was a scientist first and foremost. (He also resembled Max von Sydow, but that is beside the point.) Throughout â€Å"As We May Think,† the comparisons are there, and he speaks very highly of the sciences and the benefits they have brought our world. He recognized that the sciences and their results are only as good as the ability scientists have to record their findings and share them with the rest of the world, and that at the time the article was written, the methods for the recording, storage, and retrieval of that information were severely insufficient. The way information storage and retrieval could benefit libraries just for the sake of librarianship seemed almost an afterthought to him, however, and he mentions libraries just a few times in the entire document. The real purpose of his work seemed to be bringing to light how the scientific community desperately needed better ways of handling its vast amounts of current and future information so that future scientists could most greatly benefit. His answer to this shortcoming was the memex. Bush thought of everything in terms of how it could be improved using not only the methods that were in existence at the time, but also all the possibilities that could be developed in the future. In this article, he amazingly predicted the invention of the Polaroid camera, which was introduced by the founder of the Polaroid Corporation just two years after the publishing of this article. (â€Å"Instant Camera,† 2010) He used the system by which the telephone system worked at the time to explain how future information retrieval systems might work. In Bush’... ...inking include XML (Extensible Markup Language) and RDF (Resource Description Framework). Bush was indeed a pioneer in his time. Though development of his envisioned memex was never achieved during his lifetime, many of the ideas behind it have played a huge role in our technological advances. Thus Vannevar Bush has forever earned a place in technological history. Works Cited Bush, Vannevar. (1994, April). As We May Think. Retrieved January 14, 2010, from http://web.mit.edu/STS.035/www/PDFs/think.pdf Instant Camera. (2010, January14). Retrieved January 14, 2010, from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_camera Memex. (2009, December 12). January 16, 2010, from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memex Vannevar Bush. (2005, November 6). Retrieved January 14, 2010, from Internet Pioneers website: http://www.ibiblio.org/pioneers/bush.html

Free Essays - Hunting Scenes in Sir Gawain and Green Knight :: Sir Gawain Green Knight Essays

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight – The Hunting Scenes Often when a story or lesson is to be relayed, the teller will describe the story or lesson by using an example that parallels the lesson. This can be an effective method of portraying a story. in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, the hunting scenes of Bertilak parallel the tests given to Gawain during his stay at Hautdesert Castle. Bertilak's first hunting scene was of a deer hunt. Bertilak knew when he first started his hunt that he would have to use similar skills against this animal of great speed and nimbleness. Bertilak knew he would have to display patience and stealth to hunt this animal- Back at the castle, Gawain also had to use similar skills to resist Bertilak's wife's advances. When first approached by Bertilak's wife, Gawain reacted by lying still as if he were asleep, and then using his alertness and stealth to evade Bertilak's wife's temptations. This was portrayed when the author writes, "Lay hidden till the light of day gleamed on the walls,/Covered with fair canopy/" (1181-1182). Sir Gawain evaded Bertilak's wife's advances using skills of patience and stealth, which paralleled the skills that would similarly be used when hunting deer. Bertilak then hunts a viscous boar- In this hunt, people and animals were severely injured. Different from hunting a deer, Bertilak must use different skills to hunt the boar. Similarly, Gawain must use a different approach when he is again visited by the lady. Like the boar, the lady's approach to Gawain is more forward. Both Bertilak and Gawain must each use strength, aggressiveness and stamina in their battles. Sir Gawain shows this strength when he says, 'Tor I dared not do that lest I be denied./ If I were forward and refused, the fault would be mine./" (1494-1495). In the third and final hunting scene, Bertilak hunts a cunning fox. In this instance, the hunter must use his own wit to outsmart the fox. Bertilak knows this. He uses his intelligence and quick wit to outsmart the fox. Sir Gawain also experienced a cunning test. Gawain used his sly wit against the lady's third visit by cunningly resisting her offers because of his vows and the fact that he is a guest in Bertilak's home. Sir Gawain resists the lady's advances, as well as her offer of an expensive gift, The lady then offered Sir Gawain a green sash. Free Essays - Hunting Scenes in Sir Gawain and Green Knight :: Sir Gawain Green Knight Essays Sir Gawain and the Green Knight – The Hunting Scenes Often when a story or lesson is to be relayed, the teller will describe the story or lesson by using an example that parallels the lesson. This can be an effective method of portraying a story. in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, the hunting scenes of Bertilak parallel the tests given to Gawain during his stay at Hautdesert Castle. Bertilak's first hunting scene was of a deer hunt. Bertilak knew when he first started his hunt that he would have to use similar skills against this animal of great speed and nimbleness. Bertilak knew he would have to display patience and stealth to hunt this animal- Back at the castle, Gawain also had to use similar skills to resist Bertilak's wife's advances. When first approached by Bertilak's wife, Gawain reacted by lying still as if he were asleep, and then using his alertness and stealth to evade Bertilak's wife's temptations. This was portrayed when the author writes, "Lay hidden till the light of day gleamed on the walls,/Covered with fair canopy/" (1181-1182). Sir Gawain evaded Bertilak's wife's advances using skills of patience and stealth, which paralleled the skills that would similarly be used when hunting deer. Bertilak then hunts a viscous boar- In this hunt, people and animals were severely injured. Different from hunting a deer, Bertilak must use different skills to hunt the boar. Similarly, Gawain must use a different approach when he is again visited by the lady. Like the boar, the lady's approach to Gawain is more forward. Both Bertilak and Gawain must each use strength, aggressiveness and stamina in their battles. Sir Gawain shows this strength when he says, 'Tor I dared not do that lest I be denied./ If I were forward and refused, the fault would be mine./" (1494-1495). In the third and final hunting scene, Bertilak hunts a cunning fox. In this instance, the hunter must use his own wit to outsmart the fox. Bertilak knows this. He uses his intelligence and quick wit to outsmart the fox. Sir Gawain also experienced a cunning test. Gawain used his sly wit against the lady's third visit by cunningly resisting her offers because of his vows and the fact that he is a guest in Bertilak's home. Sir Gawain resists the lady's advances, as well as her offer of an expensive gift, The lady then offered Sir Gawain a green sash.

External/Internal Factors Paper Essay

The Frito-Lay is a worldwide recognized organization that began from the union of two companies in 1961. Within this organization, management has had to deal with internal and external factors that affect the four fundamental functions of management: planning, organizing, leading and controlling. Globalization, technology, innovation, diversity and ethics have also had their impact on the four functions of management in the Frito-Lay organization. Managers for the Frito-Lay organization have found ways to use delegation to manage the different factors and functions and perform in an effective and efficient way. The planning function of an organization is important because it involves determining the goals for the success of the company. An internal factor that may affect the planning function of management at the Frito Lay organization is attention to competitors. When Frito-Lay plans to incorporate new ideas and demands, they look to the competitors for insight of how to approach th ese new ideas in a positive and well-thought out process. According to Leyla Norman, â€Å"a hurried entrance into a new market can cost the company money in the long run and not make full use of managers’ planning abilities† (Norman, 2004). This means that if the Frito-Lay organization does not take the planning process into full advantage when rushing to compete with other companies, they could end up losing instead of gaining profits and customer preference. An external factor that could affect the planning function of management is the economy. While determining the goals of the organization, the economy plays large role. When the economy is not at a high point, planning within the Frito-Lay company may be â€Å"stopped, adjusted or taken in a new direction† (Norman, 2004). As the economy recovers planning may be resumed as needed. The organizing function of management involves â€Å"assembling and coordinating the human, financial, physical, informational and other resources needed to achieve goals† (Bateman & Snell, 2011). An internal factor that could affect the Frito-Lay company is a financial necessity. If funds are not  available to pursue and achieve the plans of the organization, then it could affect the realization of the goals for the company. An external factor that could affect the organizing function within the Frito-Lay company may be any new technological advance. If the Frito-Lay company is not up-to-date with their technological capabilities, this could affect the implementation of the goals mapped out in the planning function. The leading function is described by Bateman and Snell as â€Å"stimulating people to be high performers† (Bateman & Snell, 2011). A factor that could internally affect Frito-Lay management in the leading function could be lack of employee performance. If employees do not have the motivation to achieve the goals of the organization, the whole company could suffer. An external factor that could potentially affect the organization and management of Frito-Lay is ethical issues. When there are ethical issues outside of an organization, it could affect the company in a negative way. This could be a major reason that Frito-Lay creates opportunities and depends on the â€Å"minority and women-owned entrepreneurs (M/WBEs)† (Frito-Lay, 2014). In the controlling function of management, performance is closely monitored and changes are implemented as necessary. When employees deviate from the established performance standards, an internal factor that could affect the management function is a conflict of interest. When there are conflicts of interests, such as family relationships, it could internally affect the performance monitoring. An external factor that could affect the controlling factor in the Frito-Lay company could be labor laws. Although Frito-Lay has standards of performance and expectations, they must still comply with labor laws as they are established for the safety and security of employees. There are many internal and external factors that impact the leading function of management. One internal factor that impacts it is employee morale. â€Å"Morale is defined as the end result of many factors present in the workplace environment.† (Javitch, 2005). Morale can make or break any business. If your employees have poor morale, it will affect customer service and customer satisfaction which is the key component to businesses. Competition is an external factor that can impact the leading function of management. If there is an outside company that is doing better than yours, it can discourage employees and supervisors as well. This can lead to poor attitudes and morale in the workplace which then turns into  internal issues for that company. An internal factor that impacts the controlling function of management is technology. Having up to date technology can help improve things ranging from order accuracy to financial management which are both essential things for Frito-Lay as they are a very large corporation with consumers around the world. The economy is an external factor that impacts the controlling function of management. The economy affects their profitability and competition as well. The economy’s condition could potentially impact their sales and profitability. â€Å"Globalization is an elimination of barriers to trade, communication, and cultural exchange. The Theory behind globalization is that the worldwide openness will promote the inherent wealth of all nations.† (Jones, 2014). Globalization impacts all four functions of management. Globalization opens the doors for more business opportunities around the world and increases management globally. It allows production to increase and allows employees to transfer to other positions within the company to other locations around the world. Globalization also increases competition due to the increase in an increase in customer base. Larger customer bases increase the profitability of businesses. Not having globalization previously would decrease the values of products due to their limit of customers. It increases a company’s ability to compete worldwide instead of limiting it to its country of origin which also increases profitability. The four functions of management that are impacted in the technological sense would be planning, leading and controlling Utilizing the function of management process within the Frito-Lay’s organization has made it one of the most popular and long standing companies in the snack food industry. How they plan, organize, lead and control is important to the continued success of the organization. Because of the large scale volumes they have to produce and distribute efficiently and continuously to all their customers they have to utilize the planning process in order to stay in the competitive market they are in. They also have to look for new and better ways to process their product. Frito-Lay is in a competitive industry and they always need to know what technology is available to them that when used it saves cost and increases productivity. When implementing new technology you have to ensure that those leading and controlling the  employees have knowledge of the new technology. Frito-Lay also has to ensure that those operating or involved with the new equipment are trained well and capable of continuing to do the job they were previously doing, but better. When they implemented new packing equipment in their Kern County facility, they ensured that everyone was trained. Because the equipment was to eliminate jobs the managers communicated with the employees and assured them they would avoid lay-offs. (Mohsen & Grijalva, 2001). With the management functions used and a good management team in place they were able to implement the new equipment and improve productivity by 30% on the line. (Mohsen & Grijalva, 2001). Innovation is defined by Merriam-Webster as, â€Å"The act or process of introducing new ideas, devices and methods.† (Innovative, 2014) With innovation comes change. Since innovation has an impact on the leading and controlling portion of the functions of management, management has to have an open line of communication in order to hear new ideas that their employees may have. The more involved Frito-Lay allows their employees to be, the more opportunity they have to receive and enact their innovative ideas. It is important that an organization utilizes the knowledge and experience of their resources by encouraging them to change methods that may work better than what has been done in the past. Frito-Lay is a diverse organization with their workforce as well as the products they offer their customers. Diversity also impacts the leading and controlling functions of management. Communication and networking are important aspects of a diverse organization also, because they allow people to interact with others that they may not normally interact with. Diversity has allowed Frito-Lay to be successful in the global pursuit of introducing their products as well. When transitioning into another country they utilize someone that is familiar with the market and culture to ensure a smoother transition into that particular market. As far as the diversity of their products they are currently conducting a contest to find new flavors for their chips in an effort to diversify their product even further. With all the misconduct that occurs in the business world, ethics is an important factor that can impact all the functions of management. In all aspects an organization has to avoid unethical behavior within the business they conduct, how the deal and address their employees and customers. Because of the products that are available through Frito-Lay management has to concern  themselves with the employees behaving in an ethical manner as well. To ensure that the employees know and understand the ethical implications that can occur, they are required to attend an ethics course and sign a certification that they have done so on a yearly basis. Frito-Lay has to take all precautions in avoiding unethical behavior throughout their organization. The top managers over at Frito Lay © over see many parts of their overall organization. They continuously have to adapt to different factors that may arise, excel in efficiency, excel in effectiveness, and monitor daily operations. It would be almost impossible for one person to do all of these functions, while planning strategies for existing goals and new ones. In order for a manager to accomplish all of these objectives they must delegate their work to their subordinates. Using delegation has many advantages that help the mana ger and their subordinates. For top managers, they are able to take on more of the strategic planning of the company than the operational managing. The sixteen executive managers of Frito Lay © that oversee different divisions of the company cannot possibly specialize in each part of the department (Frito Lay 2014) They must delegate the work out to middle managers and line managers in order to complete operational tasks and planning. These levels of management have a more intimate knowledge of their division or department (Bateman 2011). A manager in marketing may have a clearer understanding of globalization and how to reach an international market. Managers in human resources or compliance will have a more precise view of ethical dilemmas could arise. Although upper management might be delegating out their work, they still have a final say on what choice to make. This makes the final responsibility land on the upper management. Managers must be adaptive to all the different factors that come up in business. The world market is a continuously changing and growing environment. In order for a business to survive in this environment the managers that are employed must recognize the issues that could arise and know how to adapt to them. External issues could range from global economic changes to environmental changes that limit resources. Some internal issues that should be considered could involve the growth of the company. Recognizing the company has out grown its current structure will allow managers to implement a new structure that will fit the growing company  better. Management will always need to know how to adapt to these changes as well consider them in their overall planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. Changing environments can shift how a manager views their own organization and how it is standing up against its competition. Sometimes, though, management needs to use their most crucial resource as efficiently as possible. This resource would be time, and a manager needs to use this resource as wisely as possible. In order to free up managers they have to delegate their work amongst their subordinates. Delegating their work frees them up to make all of the important planning that will guide the organization to their next achievement.

The Democratic Republic

Politics or the art and science of government are very important to all of us, because this will affect the kind of life that we may able to have. Politics originated in Greece where democracy was first established. And as time passed by changes are made to the system of government and there are also other organizations that exist. One of this is the political party.A political party is a group organized to support certain policies on questions of public interest. The aim of the political party is to elect officials who will try to carry out the parties policies. The question may range from issues of peace, war, and taxes to how people should earn a living. A large political party has million of supporters. When people in a democracy disagree about what the government should do, each voter expresses his opinion by voting for the candidate that supports his side of argument. (Flanders, 1989)An example of a political movement in the United States called the Democratic Party. This is on e of two major political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. It is the oldest political party in the United States.Since the 2006 midterm elections, the Democratic Party is the majority party for the 110th Congress; the party holds an outright majority in the House of Representatives and the Democratic caucus (including two independents) constitutes a majority in the United States Senate. Democrats also hold a majority of state governorships and control a plurality of state legislatures. In 2004, it was the largest political party, with 42.6 percent of 169 million registered voters claiming affiliation.The Democratic Party traces its origins to the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and other influential opponents of the Federalists in 1792. Since the division of the Republican Party in the election of 1912, it has consistently positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party in economic as well as social mat ters. The economically left-leaning activist philosophy of Franklin D. Roosevelt, which has strongly influenced American liberalism, has shaped much of the party's economic agenda since 1932.Roosevelt's New Deal coalition usually controlled the national government until 1964. The civil rights movement of the 1960s, championed by the party despite opposition at the time from its Southern wing, has continued to inspire the party's liberal principles. (Cited in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_ (United_States), 2008)The goal of the democrats in the 2006 elections as chosen and not by votes but of what the country need are the following: To withdraw from Iraq and to use some of the money saved to fund security for Americans instead of funding security for Iraqis and   50% reduction in CO2 within 10 years.Not only do we have to implement but as well as to understood solutions at home, but must provide global incentives for other countries to reduce their emissions, totally eliminate our dependence on foreign oil within 5 years, implement a successful policies of which lead to a high level of healthcare for all citizens at a reasonable cost, instead of business as usual, we want to adopt worldwide best practices.We'd adopted the highly successful policies of which the best educated children in the world, invest more money in homeland security inside the US than we are spending abroad, implement real immigration reform, not stop-gap measures (like Frist's approach), implement all the recommendations of the 9-11 committee, our foreign policy should be revamped so that we start making more friends than enemies, achieve energy independence within 10 years, e.g., adopt the recommendations of Amory Lovins or someone else who has credibility and knows how to get there, cheaper energy (both to fuel our cars and power our homes),   e.g.Adopt the recommendations of Amory Lovins or someone else who has credibility and knows how to get there, increase funding f or energy research, e.g., top universities complain that the funding for energy research hasn't increased at all and Bring US education up to foreign standards (i.e., achieve educational â€Å"parity† with foreign schools) within 10 years.Tactics are also made by the democrats for them to get the votes of the people. One of it was used by the democrats during the 2006 elections. And this is what they’ve said:The Democrats need your vote to make these bills a reality: Elect us and we will end the Republican corruption that has led to higher energy prices, more costly prescription drugs, an increased peril for our troops in Iraq. (Cited in http://skirsch.com/politics/ goals/goalsDemocrats.htm, 2008).Democrats have s great influence to the current presidential elections because the two candidates for this coming election belong from the democrats. These are Hillary Clinton, U.S. Senator from New York and former First Lady and Barack Obama, U.S. Senator from Illinois, and former Illinois State Senator.Democrats really have a great impact to American politics because they have a large number of supporters and are choosing the leaders who can improve the type of government they have or can give them a better life. ( cited in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party _(United States)_presidential _primaries,_2008,2008)

The Horse Dealer’s Daughter

This presentation reviews the short story, â€Å"The Horse Dealer's Daughter,† written by D. H. Lawrence. What appears to be a desperate situation in Mabel's life turns out to be a moment of epiphany between her and Fergusson when they both realize that they have stumbled upon love inadvertently. It took life teetering on the edge to force them out of their routines to see each other in a different way. ?Animals the three sons and daughter of the horse dealer are compared to animals (mainly dogs and horses); the older brother, Joe, is described as a â€Å"subject animal† that is about to â€Å"marry and go into harness,† on the other hand, Fred Henry thinks of himself as an â€Å"animal which controls,† Mabel is named † bull-dog† by her brothers. ?They are all represented by the narrator through an imagery of four horses having no sense of direction and walking in a movement that â€Å"showed a massive, slumberous strength, and a stupidity whi ch held them in subjection. † ? Writer describes the physical attributes of the characters ? Inability of both the family and the horses to intelligently respond to situations which bewilder them and over which they have no control. ?Pond ?This drowning in the pond represents the summit of Mabel's depression and confusion. The rescue, on the other hand, represents a second chance to her. ?Dead and cold. ?Dr. Fergusson had no feelings for Mabel before the incident. The narrator describes the pond as lifeless right before the doctor had entered it. Before going in, the relationship between them was dead and cold, and they had no passionate feelings for one another. Dr. Fergusson tries to rescue Mabel for no other reason but because he was doing his job. The pond also describes Dr. Fergusson's life as dull and pointless. His life was still and silent before he had met her. ?He was afraid to go in too deep into the pond, and was afraid of drowning. This represents his fear of falling in love. He was scared of the water because he could not swim, and also because he was scared of love. He never experienced it, so it frightened him. When he finally falls in, he felt Mabel's clothing and pulled her up. This means that when he fell into the pond, he found love. ?Clothes When she is out of the wet and dirty clothes, she is freed from her troubles. The dirty clothes represent how she was before she fell in love. It also represents how she was suicidal and depressed. â€Å"She had on her best dress of black voile,† expresses her happiness and eagerness to start something new. Before she fell in love, she never wore clothing as elegant as this dress. This is something new to her and something she wants to try out. Her change of clothes also represents her change of personality and attitude. She changed from a quiet woman that always kept to herself, to a loving woman that is open- minded. She now feels that there is something to live for since there is someone to love. ?Jack, in saving her life, is bound to Mabel through saving her and this is amplified by his removing her clothes and rubbing her dry. Lawrence exhibits Mabel's life as cold, void, and depressed. Comfort was found in tending the grave of her mother. Mabel was emotionally dead. Jack Ferguson lived a routine in life. Jack was spiritually dead. Perhaps Lawrence tells us that many relationships between men and women happen, perhaps without rhyme or reason or even love.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 20th Century

In the 20th century, Franklin Delano Roosevelt was the president of the United States that shaped the American Empire. He was a charismatic optimist whose confidence helped sustain the nation during crisis like the Great Depression and World War II. He received overwhelming support from his citizens throughout his four terms in office. President Roosevelt began a new era in American history. Despite an attack of poliomyelitis, which paralyzed his legs in 1921, he established social reforms that gave people a new perspective on government. Government was not only expected to protect the people from foreign invaders, but to protect against poverty and unemployment. Roosevelt had also shown his military and diplomatic skill as the Commander in Chief during World War II. Born in 1882 in Hide Park N. Y, he was raised in a high class family, graduated from Harvard University and received his law degree from Columbia Law School. At age 23 he married Anna Eleanor Roosevelt, niece of President Theodore Roosevelt. Even though coming from a privileged childhood, Roosevelt was close to the simple citizen†s aspirations. His New Deal program gave jobs for the workers and his wartime policies protected democracy. In 1932, F. D. R took the Democratic presidential nomination on the fourth ballot with John Nance Garner of Texas as his Vice Presidential running mate. Although there was rough competition during the choosing process, most party leaders were happy with the Roosevelt choice. It would help pull votes from the urban-Eastern region of the country. During the November campaign against Hoover, Roosevelt suggested a few parts of the â€Å"New Deal†. He spoke of relief and public works money. He wanted to develop a plan to cut agricultural overproduction. He was for public power, conservation and unemployment insurance. The repeal of prohibition and stock exchange regulation were also big items on his platform. But he mentioned little about his plans for industrial recovery or labor laws. As much foreign policy experience as he had, he talked very little of it during the campaign. When it came to election day, Roosevelt was the only viable alternative to Hoover, who many blamed for the Great Depression, although critics argue that it was the presidents preceding the Hoover administration. Roosevelt's second election was in 1936. As expected, Roosevelt won by a landslide. This reflected the nation's confidence in the man and his leadership ability. However, the nation still had a long way to go. After another over-all successful term, Roosevelt ran again in 1940. The Republicans based their campaign on the tradition that no President had ever gone for a third term in succession. To counter this, Roosevelt put the spotlight on his administration's achievements. Because of the risky situation abroad, many felt that Roosevelt's expertise was needed if war occurred. The election results against Wendell Willkie were closer than the previous two times. Much of this feeling was based on the idea that it would be a bad thing for the country to change leadership in the middle of the war. Many of the president's advisors felt he would not live through a fourth term, considering his hypertension, and cardiac failure. Because of his condition, the Vice President nomination for the 1944 election was of utmost importance. Roosevelt was persuaded to drop Henry Wallace, whom many regarded as too liberal and emotionally unsuited to be president. Harry Truman of Missouri was chosen to fill the spot. Again, the Republicans argument was term length. No President should serve for 16 years, they declared. The opposing argument by the Democrats was that no country should â€Å"change horses in mid-stream†. The election outcome was even slimmer this time, but Roosevelt still captured a hearty vote. By the time Roosevelt was inaugurated on March 4, 1933, the economic situation was desperate. Between 13 and 15 million Americans were unemployed. Of these, between 1 and 2 million people were wandering about the country looking for jobs. Thousands lived in cardboard shacks called â€Å"hoovervilles†. Panic-stricken people hoping to rescue their deposits had forced 38 states to close their banks. The Depression hit all levels of the social scale, heads of corporations and Wall Street bankers were left begging on the street. Roosevelt's action would be two parted: restore confidence and rebuild the economic and social structure. In one of his addresses, he pushed confidence with his statement, â€Å"the only thing we have to fear, is fear itself† . One of his first steps was to take action upon the bank problem. Because of the Depression, people rushed to the banks to pull their deposits out in return for paper cash and gold. On March 6, 1933, Roosevelt declared a bank holiday that lasted four days. All banks in the nation were closed until the Department of Treasury could examine each one's fiscal situation. Those that were determined to correct their financial condition were allowed to reopen and those who had been badly operated were not allowed. During the Great Depression, 5,504 banks had closed and deposits of nearly $3. 5 billion dollars were lost. Shortly after the President restored confidence in the banks, what is now known as the â€Å"100 days† began on March 9 and ended on June 16, 1933. Franklin Delano Roosevelt began to submit recovery and reform laws for congressional approval. Congress passed nearly all the important bills that he requested, most of them by large majorities. The fact that there was a Democratic Party majority in both houses helped speed things along. What emerged from these100 days was a 3-fold focus, Relief-Recovery-Reform. One of the relief actions was known as the Emergency Relief Act. This established the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) that pushed an appropriation of $500 million to be spent immediately for quick relief. Moreover, the Reforestation Act of 1933 helped stop and repair some of the environmental damage that had occurred as a result of the industrial revolution. More importantly, he created the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), which eventually employed more than 2,5 million men at various camps. Projects included reforestation, road construction, soil erosion and flood control as well as national park development. The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) was designed to raise crop prices and raise the standard of living for American farmers. Production was cut to increase demand, therefore raising the price. It also gave the president the power to inflate the currency by devaluating its gold content and issue about $3 billion in paper currency. The United States Supreme Court later struck down the AAA as unconstitutional. Another recovery measure was the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA). It was designed to balance the interests of business and labor and consumers/workers and to reduce unemployment. This act set codes of anti-trust laws and fair competition, as well as setting a new standard: minimum wage. A new idea came about in those 100 days, it was known as the federal corporation. The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) was the first agency to work much like a private enterprise. The goal of the TVA was to reform one of the poorest parts of the country, the Tennessee River Valley. The TVA was responsible for the construction and management of power plants, dams, electricity, flood control systems and the development of navigation systems. After the initial 100 days, reform continued throughout the first term of the Roosevelt Administration. In Roosevelt's annual address to Congress on January 4, 1935, he outlined phase two of the New Deal, whose main component would be the establishment of the modern welfare system. The federal government would withdraw from the direct relief, leaving it up to state and local governments. This would include social security for the aged, unemployed and ill. Moreover, the farmers were aided by the Rural Electrification Administration (REA). Its goals were to provide electricity to isolated areas where private utility companies did not see it profitable to run lines and set up service. The year of 1935 brought with it numerous reform efforts. These were the final efforts of the New Deal before the nation geared up for war. Included in this was the National Labor Relations Act, whose most important function was to set up the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), which monitored corporations to ensure worker rights and safety. One of the most important and lasting effects of the Roosevelt Administration was his push for the Social Security Act. This was an innovative plan that was supposed to lead to a nation-wide retirement system. Finally, a Revenue Act of 1935 capped off the New Deal with a tax on the rich, and a tax break on the middle class citizens. The Supreme Court was fairly conservative, and attempted to shoot holes in many of Roosevelt's New Deal programs. The Supreme Court even went as far as to strike the entire AAA program down, claiming that it violated state's rights. FDR was infuriated at the actions of the Court. He thought of them as nine old men who were living in days gone by, far too conservative to see the economic and social needs of today. He soon began to plan retribution, however in secrecy. He called upon his staff to write up the Judicial Reform Act of 1937. Essentially, this document alleged that the Judicial Branch of the federal government was overwhelmed. His answer to solve the dilemma was to use his executive power of appointment and place more Justices on the Court. Another section of the Act suggested that at age 70, each Justice would be supplemented with an additional Justice. This meant up to 15 Supreme Court Justices serving at one time. Roosevelt hoped to load the Court with social liberal Democrats who would not oppose his New Deal programs. After a long period of embarrassing debate, the Senate rejected Roosevelt's proposal. This, in turn, caused Roosevelt to reject the Senate. Roosevelt used his diplomatic and military powers in the later part of his administration nearly as much as he used his executive and legislative powers in the first half. At the time Roosevelt took office, the nation was isolationist. When the Great Depression hit in the 1930's, America became even more concerned with its own problems. However, seeing the importance of a global view and seeing the possible impact of World War II, Roosevelt directed the country toward nations abroad. He also withdrew American occupation forces from some Caribbean republics, and settled oil disputes with Mexico. His desire to spread ties across the Western Hemispheres led to trade agreements with Canada and many South American states. Furthermore, Recognition was given to the Soviet government in November of 1933. This was the first attempt at civil relations since the Russian Revolution in 1917. In 1933, for the first time in 16 years, the two nations exchanged representatives. The isolationist school of thought led to the Neutrality Acts of the 1930's. These acts, passed by Congress, prohibited the US from furnishing weapons or supplies to any nation at war. President Roosevelt disliked the fact that these Acts treated all nations the same, whether a country had attacked another or not. Germany†s aggressiveness in 1939 forced Roosevelt to take a tougher stance. On December 11th 1949, the United States declared war to Germany and Italy. With World War II still in progress, the commander in chief was a candidate in the 1944 elections for a fourth time. He won over the Republican Thomas Dewey. The president†s advisors feared that F. D. R might not live through another term. In fact, on April 12 1945, he died of a cerebral hemorrhage at the age of 63. Despite his physical limitations, Franklin Delano Roosevelt was a highly popular president. He shaped the value of the free world and guided his citizens through tumultuous years. ‘ ‘Their Children would live to see the causes for which he stood for prosperity, freedom, economic justice and political democracy† . It can be said that President Roosevelt was a ‘ ‘Founding Father† of the American nation, along with all the other greats of Mount Rushmore.